1) Make the chipotle mayo
In a small bowl, stir together the mayo, chopped chipotle, adobo sauce, lime juice, garlic, and salt. Taste and adjust. More chipotle for heat, more lime for brightness.
2) Season (or marinate) the steak
Fast weeknight option: Pat the steak dry. Season both sides with salt, cumin, chili powder, garlic powder, and black pepper.
Optional marinade: In a bowl or zip-top bag, combine lime juice, orange juice, oil, garlic, and salt. Add steak and marinate for 20 to 45 minutes (or up to 8 hours refrigerated). Pat lightly dry before cooking.
3) Cook the steak
Heat a cast iron skillet over medium-high heat. Add the oil. Sear the steak until browned and cooked to your liking.
- Skirt steak: typically 2 to 4 minutes per side, depending on thickness.
- Flank steak: typically 4 to 6 minutes per side, depending on thickness.
Doneness cue (optional thermometer): pull at 125°F for rare, 135°F for medium-rare, 145°F for medium.
Transfer to a cutting board, squeeze a lime wedge over the top, and let it rest for 5 to 10 minutes.
4) Toast the bolillos
Slice the bolillos lengthwise. If you want extra crunch and more room for fillings, pull out a little of the soft interior. Not mandatory, just helpful.
Place the cut sides down in the same skillet over medium heat until golden and crisp, about 1 to 2 minutes.
5) Warm the beans and slice the steak
Warm the refried beans in the microwave or in a small saucepan with a splash of water, stirring until spreadable.
Slice the steak thinly against the grain. A slight bias angle makes the slices extra tender and easy to layer.
6) Assemble the tortas
Spread warm refried beans on the bottom half of each roll. Spread chipotle mayo on the top half.
Layer on hot steak, then place the cheese directly on top so it melts into the meat. Add avocado, lettuce, tomato, onion, and pickled jalapeños. If you want, give the tomato and onion a tiny pinch of salt.
Optional: For extra melt and crunch, return the assembled torta to the skillet and press lightly for 30 to 60 seconds per side.
7) Serve
Tortas are best hot and crisp. Slice in half if you want easier handling.