Can I make this without a stand mixer?
Yes. Mix with a wooden spoon until shaggy, then knead by hand 8 to 10 minutes. The dough should feel smooth and slightly tacky, not wet or sticky.
How do I know when the dough is done proofing?
Use the poke test. Gently press a floured finger into the dough. If the dent slowly springs back and stays slightly indented, it is ready. If it snaps back fast, give it more time.
Why did my swirl sink or create a gap?
Too much loose sugar, or you rolled it too tight. Keep the swirl layer even and avoid piling cinnamon sugar in one spot. Also make sure the loaf is proofed properly before baking.
Can I use instant yeast instead of active dry?
Absolutely. Use the same amount and you can skip blooming it in milk. Still warm the milk slightly for a faster rise.
How do I keep the top from getting too dark?
If the crust is browned but the center needs time, tent the loaf with foil for the last 10 to 15 minutes. Dark metal pans and glass pans can brown faster, so check early and foil sooner if needed.
My yeast did not foam. Did I ruin it?
Not necessarily. Active dry yeast sometimes looks only slightly foamy, especially in milk. If your yeast is within date and your milk was warm (not hot), keep going. The rise may just take longer. If nothing rises after a reasonable proof (about 90 minutes in a warm spot), that is the sign to start over.