Can I use half-and-half instead of heavy cream?
Yes, but it will be thinner and a little less luxurious. Start with less pasta water, then add more only as needed. Keep the heat low so it does not break.
Why did my cream sauce split?
Usually it is one of three things: the heat was too high, it boiled hard, or the cheese went in while the sauce was too hot.
Fix attempt: Take it off the heat and whisk in 1 to 2 tablespoons warm pasta water until it starts to come back together. If it is still broken, whisk in a tablespoon of cream or a small knob of butter, then keep stirring gently. Worst case, start a new mini base in a small pan (a splash of cream plus a spoonful of cheese), then whisk the broken sauce into it a little at a time.
How do I keep Parmesan from getting grainy?
Use finely grated Parmesan (not big shreds), let the sauce stop bubbling before adding the cheese, and stir constantly. Pre-grated shelf-stable Parmesan can work, but it often melts less smoothly.
Can I make it ahead?
You can, but cream sauces are at their best right after you emulsify them with pasta water. If making ahead, keep it slightly looser than you think and reheat gently with a splash of water.
What proteins go well with this?
Chicken, shrimp, bacon, or crispy mushrooms all play nice. If you add something salty like bacon, taste before adding extra salt.
Any easy variations?
Yes. Add a pinch of red pepper flakes with the garlic, stir in a handful of baby spinach or peas at the end, or finish with lemon zest for a brighter edge. You can also swap in a little Pecorino Romano for part of the Parmesan for extra punch.