Can I use active dry yeast instead of instant?
Yes. Use the same amount. Dissolve it in the warm water with the sugar and wait 5 to 10 minutes until foamy, then proceed. If it does not foam, your yeast is likely dead or your water was too hot. Rise times may be a little longer than with instant yeast.
How warm should the water be?
Aim for 100 to 115 F. Warm bath water. If you do not have a thermometer, it should feel warm but not hot.
My dough is sticky. Did I mess it up?
Probably not. Slightly tacky dough is normal and bakes up softer. Add flour 1 tablespoon at a time only if it is truly unmanageable and smearing like paste.
How do I know the first rise is done?
It should be doubled in size and look puffy. Press a floured finger into the dough. If the indentation slowly springs back but still leaves a shallow dent, you are ready.
Why did my loaf come out dense?
Most common causes are under-proofing (not enough rise time), too much flour (packed cups), or the dough was too cold. Next time, measure flour by spooning into the cup and leveling, or use a scale, and let the dough rise somewhere warm.
Can I make this bread dairy free?
Yes. Swap the butter for neutral oil or plant butter. The crumb will be slightly different, but still great.
Can I bake it in a Dutch oven?
Yes for a rustic round. Preheat the Dutch oven (with lid) at 450 F for 30 minutes, bake covered 20 minutes, then uncovered 15 to 20 minutes. This gives a thicker, cracklier crust than a sandwich loaf.